One of the earliest constitutional cases. Held that Article 21 only protects against executive action, not legislative action. Each Fundamental Right operates independently.

Held that Parliament cannot amend Fundamental Rights under Article 368. This was later overruled by the 24th Amendment and the Kesavananda Bharati case.

The Supreme Court ruled that Parliament had no power to amend the Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court's 13-judge bench held that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution but cannot alter its basic structure. This became the cornerstone of Indian constitutional law.

Expanded the scope of Article 21 (Right to Life) to include the right to live with dignity. Held that procedure established by law must be fair, just and reasonable, not arbitrary.

Struck down Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment that gave unlimited amending power to Parliament and Section 55 that gave primacy to Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights.

Laid down strict guidelines for the exercise of President's Rule under Article 356. Held that secularism is a basic feature of the Constitution.

In the absence of domestic law, the Supreme Court laid down binding guidelines to prevent sexual harassment of women at the workplace, treating international conventions as enforceable.

A 9-judge bench held that even laws placed in the Ninth Schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violate the basic structure of the Constitution.

A 5-judge Constitution bench unanimously decriminalized consensual homosexual acts between adults by reading down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.